Esther 9:1 — meaning, Hebrew and Greek word study, commentary
Esther 9:1
Now in the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar, on the thirteenth day of the same, when the king’s commandment and his decree drew near to be put in execution, in the day that the enemies of the Jews hoped to have power over them, (though it was turned to the contrary, that the Jews had rule over them that hated them;)
two · conjunction + preposition + cardinal number, both genders dual absolute
month
חֹ֜דֶשׁCho.desh
H2320
the new moon · noun, common masculine singular absolute
month
חֹ֣דֶשׁCho.desh
H2320
the new moon · noun, common masculine singular construct
Adar
אֲדָ֗ר'a.Dar
H143
Adar · proper noun, a title
thirteenth
בִּשְׁלוֹשָׁ֨הbish.lo.Shah
H7969
three · preposition + cardinal number, both genders singular absolute
day
יוֹם֙yOm
H3117
a day (as the warm hours) · noun, common masculine singular absolute
king’s
הַמֶּ֛לֶךְ
Strong's Exhaustive Concordance (James Strong, 1890/1894), public domain; digitized by Open Scriptures (CC BY-SA). KJV word tagging: eBible.org (public domain). Original-language text, parsing and brief lexicon: STEPBible.org data from Tyndale House, Cambridge (CC BY 4.0).
Cross-references
Esther 3:13 And the letters were sent by posts into all the king’s provinces, to destroy, to kill, and to cause to perish, all Jews, both young and old,…
Esther 8:12 Upon one day in all the provinces of king Ahasuerus, namely, upon the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is the month Adar.
Psalms 30:11 Thou hast turned for me my mourning into dancing: thou hast put off my sackcloth, and girded me with gladness;
Revelation 11:18 And the nations were angry, and thy wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that thou shouldest give reward…
2 Samuel 22:41 Thou hast also given me the necks of mine enemies, that I might destroy them that hate me.
Isaiah 14:1-2 For the LORD will have mercy on Jacob, and will yet choose Israel, and set them in their own land: and the strangers shall be joined with th…
Isaiah 60:14-16 The sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come bending unto thee; and all they that despised thee shall bow themselves down at the sol…
Deuteronomy 32:36 For the LORD shall judge his people, and repent himself for his servants, when he seeth that their power is gone, and there is none shut up,…
Cross-references from OpenBible.info (CC BY), in the lineage of the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (public domain).
Commentary
Matthew Henry on Esther 9:1-19
We have here a decisive battle fought between the Jews and their enemies, in which the Jews were victorious. Neither side was surprised; for both had notice of it long enough before, so that it was a fair trial of skill between them. Nor could either side call the other rebels, for they were both supported by the royal authority.
I. The enemies of the Jews were the aggressors. They hoped, notwithstanding the latter edict, to have power over them, by virtue of the former (Est 9:1), and made assaults upon them accordingly; they formed themselves into bodies, and joined in confederacy against them, to seek their hurt, Est 9:2. The Chaldee paraphrase says that none appeared against the Jews but…
Now in the twelfth month - What a number of providences, and none of them apparently of an extraordinary nature, concurred to preserve a people so signally, and to all human appearance so inevitably, doomed to destruction! None are ever too low for God to lift up, or too high for God to cast down. Must not these heathens have observed that the uncontrollable hand of an Almighty Being had worked in behalf of the Jews? And must not this have had a powerful tendency to discredit the idolatry of the country?
John Gill on Esther 9:1
Now in the twelfth month, that is the month Adar, on the thirteenth day of the same,.... Of which see Esther 3:13,
when the king's commandment and his decree drew near to be put in execution; even both his commandments and decrees, the one empowering the enemies of the Jews on that day to destroy them, and the other empowering the Jews to act both defensively and offensively against their enemies:
in the day that the enemies of the Jews hoped to have power over them; by virtue of the first decree of the king; and notwithstanding the second, they might hope to have it because of their superior numbers:
though it was turned to the contrary, that the Jews had rule over them that hated them;…
The twelfth month, as we have said above, signifies the last age of the world when our Redeemer became incarnate and the preaching of the gospel spread over the entire world. In a similar way, the thirteenth day proclaims the light of faith and good works which is produced by the preaching of the gospel in the church through the faithful. Indeed, in the twelfth month on the thirteenth day when the destruction of all the Jews was being prepared and their enemies longed for their blood, the Jews, on the contrary, began to triumph and started taking revenge on their adversaries because they [represent] the assembly of the faithful where the true confession of the right faith resides who are helped by the grace of God and comforted by the shield of faith and the weapons of justice in the face of the enemies and persecutors of the name of Christ who persecute and oppress them wherever they are. The assembly of the faithful is thus able to defeat its enemies and to gain the triumph of glory over them.
The twelfth month, as we said before, symbolizes the last era of our world when the Redeemer has been made incarnate and the preaching of the Gospel itself has spread throughout the entire world. And in the same way, the thirteenth day declares the light of faith and of good works, which—as the Gospels predict—is fulfilled every day by the faithful. For in the twelfth month, "on the thirteenth day of the month, when the slaughter of all the Jews was being readied and their enemies were eager for blood, the tables were turned and the Jews began to gain the upper hand, and to avenge themselves on their opponents." This means that even though the enemies and persecutors of the name of Christ are constantly stirring up attacks against the community of the faithful—which maintains the true expression of the correct faith— and making every effort to oppress them, the latter have been helped by the grace of God and strengthened with the shield of faith and the arms of justice so that they might defeat their adversaries and carry back from them the spoils of glory. This they do by converting them to the light of faith and making them partners in the grace of Christ, after repelling their spiritual wickedness and the disseminators of error who were seducing them through various vices. "And no one dared to resist them." That is, the fear of God's majesty, which in the Church is made known by the gleam of miracles, thrashes soundly the hearts of fleshly creatures and compels them to yield to the word of God, which is naturally described in what follows...
Dictionary and topics
Purim — (lots), the annual festival instituted to commemorate the preservation of the Jews in Persia from the massacre with which they were threatened through the machinations of Haman. (Esther 9:1) ... It…
Adar · 1. Twelfth month in Jewish — 1. Twelfth month in Jewish
Gentiles · Hated and despised the Jews — Hated and despised the Jews
Hatred · Exemplified: Enemies of the Jews — Exemplified: Enemies of the Jews
Dictionary: Easton's (1897) and Smith's (1863), public domain. Topics: Nave's Topical Bible (1896) and Torrey's Topical Textbook (1897), public domain. Both as parsed by NEUU (CC BY 4.0).
ha.Me.lekh
H4428
a king · definite article + noun, common masculine singular absolute
commandment
דְּבַרde.var-
H1697
a word · noun, common masculine singular construct
decree
וְדָת֖וֹve.da.To
H1881
a royal edict or statute · conjunction + noun, common feminine singular construct + pronominal suffix, 3rd person masculine singular
near
הִגִּ֧יעַhi.Gi.a'
H5060
properly · verb, hiphil perfect, 3rd person masculine singular
execution
לְהֵעָשׂ֑וֹתle.he.'a.Sot
H6213
to do or make · preposition + verb, niphal infinitive construct
day
בַּיּ֗וֹםbai.Yom
H3117
a day (as the warm hours) · preposition with the article + noun, common masculine singular absolute
enemies
אֹיְבֵ֤י'o.ye.Vei
H341
hating · verb, qal active participle, masculine plural construct
Jews
הַיְּהוּדִים֙hai.ye.hu.Dim
H3064
a Jehudite (i.e. Judaite or Jew) · definite article + noun, gentilic masculine plural absolute
hoped
שִׂבְּר֜וּsi.be.Ru
H7663
to scrutinize · verb, piel perfect, 3rd person common plural
power
לִשְׁל֣וֹטlish.Lot
H7980
to dominate · preposition + verb, qal infinitive construct
turned
וְנַהֲפ֣וֹךְve.na.ha.Fokh
H2015
to turn about or over · conjunction + verb, niphal infinitive absolute
Jews
הַיְּהוּדִ֛יםhai.ye.hu.Dim
H3064
a Jehudite (i.e. Judaite or Jew) · definite article + noun, gentilic masculine plural absolute
rule
יִשְׁלְט֧וּyish.le.Tu
H7980
to dominate · verb, qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural
hated
בְּשֹׂנְאֵיהֶֽםbe.so.ne.'ei.Hem
H8130
to hate (personally) · preposition + verb, qal active participle, masculine plural construct + pronominal suffix, 3rd person masculine plural
on Esther 9:1-10
The Jews avenged of their enemies. - Est 9:1. In the twelfth month, on the thirteenth day of the same - the Jews gathered themselves together in their cities, etc. Several parenthetical clauses succeed this definition of time, so that the statement of what then took place does not follow till נקהלוּ, Est 9:2. These parenthetical clauses state not only the meaning of the day just named, but also give a general notice of the conflict between the Jews and their enemies. The first runs: "when the word of the king drew nigh and his decree to be done," i.e., when the execution of the royal decree approached. The second is: "on the day that the enemies of the Jews hoped to have the mastery of them,…