Exodus 1:13

And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour:

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Word by word — the Hebrew

Word	Hebrew	Strong’s	Meaning
Egyptians	מִצְרַיִם Mitsrayim	H4714	Mitsrajim
made	וַיַּעֲבִ֧דוּ vai.ya.'a.Vi.du	H5647	to work (in any sense) · conjunction + verb, hiphil sequential imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural
children	בְּנֵ֥י be.Nei	H1121	a son (as a builder of the family name) · noun, common masculine plural construct
Israel	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל Yis.ra.'El	H3478	Jisrael · proper noun, a place name
serve	עָבַד ʻâbad	H5647	to work (in any sense)
rigour	בְּפָֽרֶךְ be.Fa.rekh	H6531	fracture · preposition + noun, common masculine singular absolute

Strong's Exhaustive Concordance (James Strong, 1890/1894), public domain; digitized by Open Scriptures (CC BY-SA). KJV word tagging: eBible.org (public domain). Original-language text, parsing and brief lexicon: STEPBible.org data from Tyndale House, Cambridge (CC BY 4.0).

Cross-references

Deuteronomy 4:20 But the LORD hath taken you, and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even out of Egypt, to be unto him a people of inheritance, as ye…

Cross-references from OpenBible.info (CC BY), in the lineage of the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (public domain).

Commentary

Matthew Henry on Exodus 1:8-14

The land of Egypt here, at length, becomes to Israel a house of bondage, though hitherto it had been a happy shelter and settlement for them. Note, The place of our satisfaction may soon become the place of our affliction, and that may prove the greatest cross to us of which we said, This same shall comfort us. Those may prove our sworn enemies whose parents were our faithful friends; nay, the same persons that loved us may possibly turn to hate us: therefore cease from man, and say not concerning any place on this side heaven, This is my rest for ever. Observe here, I. The obligations they lay under to Israel upon Joseph's account were forgotten: There arose a new king, after several succes…

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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Exodus 1:13

The Egyptians . . . made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in mortar, and in brick--Ruins of great brick buildings are found in all parts of Egypt. The use of crude brick, baked in the sun, was universal in upper and lower Egypt, both for public and private buildings; all but the temples themselves were of crude brick. It is worthy of remark that more bricks bearing the name of Thothmes III, who is supposed to have been the king of Egypt at the time of the Exodus, have been discovered than of any other period [WILKINSON]. Parties of these brickmakers are seen depicted on the ancient monuments with "taskmasters," some standing, others in a sitting posture beside the laborers, with their u…

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Adam Clarke on Exodus 1:13

To serve with rigour - בפרך bepharech, with cruelty, great oppression; being ferocious with them. The word fierce is supposed by some to be derived from the Hebrew, as well as the Latin ferox, from which we more immediately bring our English term. This kind of cruelty to slaves, and ferociousness, unfeelingness, and hard-heartedness, were particularly forbidden to the children of Israel. See Lev 25:43, Lev 25:46, where the same word is used: Thou shalt not rule over him with Rigor, but shalt fear thy God.

Dictionary and topics

Bricks — The making of, formed the chief labour of the Israelites in Egypt (Ex. 1:13, 14). Those found among the ruins of Babylon and Nineveh are about a foot square and four inches thick. They were usually…
Exodus — The great deliverance wrought for the children of Isreal when they were brought out of the land of Egypt with “a mighty hand and with an outstretched arm” (Ex 12:51; Deut. 26:8; Ps 114; 136), about…
Moses — Drawn (or Egypt. mesu, “son;” hence Rameses, royal son). On the invitation of Pharaoh (Gen. 45:17-25), Jacob and his sons went down into Egypt. This immigration took place probably about 350 years…
Pharaoh — The official title borne by the Egyptian kings down to the time when that country was conquered by the Greeks. (See EGYPT.) The name is a compound, as some think, of the words Ra, the “sun” or…
Bondage, Spiritual · Typified: Israel in Egypt — Typified: Israel in Egypt
Egypt · History of Israel in: Israel increases and are oppressed — History of Israel in: Israel increases and are oppressed
House · .Brick — .Brick
Houses · Built of: Bricks — Built of: Bricks
Masters · Bad — Exemplified: Egyptians — Bad — Exemplified: Egyptians
Oppression · .Of Israelites, by Egyptians — .Of Israelites, by Egyptians
Persecution · Spirit of — Exemplified: Pharaoh &c — Spirit of — Exemplified: Pharaoh &c
Usurpation · .Of Pharaoh, making bondservants of the Israelites

Exodus 1:13

Word by word — the Hebrew

Cross-references

Commentary

Matthew Henry on Exodus 1:8-14

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Exodus 1:13

Adam Clarke on Exodus 1:13

Dictionary and topics

Exodus 1:13

Word by word — the Hebrew

Cross-references

Commentary

Matthew Henry on Exodus 1:8-14

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown on Exodus 1:13

Adam Clarke on Exodus 1:13

Dictionary and topics

John Gill on Exodus 1:13

John Calvin on Exodus 1:12-14

Keil & Delitzsch on Exodus 1:8-14

Tyndale Open Study Notes on Exodus 1:12

Rashi on Exodus 1:13