Leviticus 20:10 — meaning, Hebrew and Greek word study, commentary
Leviticus 20:10
And the man that committeth adultery with another man’s wife, even he that committeth adultery with his neighbour’s wife, the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death.
a man as an individual or a male person · conjunction + noun, common masculine singular absolute
adultery
יִנְאַף֙yin.'Af
H5003
to commit adultery · verb, qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular
man’s
אִ֔ישׁ'Ish
H376
a man as an individual or a male person · noun, common masculine singular absolute
wife
אֵ֣שֶׁת'E.shet
H802
a woman · noun, common feminine singular construct
adultery
יִנְאַ֖ףyin.'Af
H5003
to commit adultery · verb, qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular
neighbour’s
רֵעֵ֑הוּre.'E.hu
H7453
an associate (more or less close) · noun, common masculine singular construct + pronominal suffix, 3rd person masculine singular
wife
אֵ֣שֶׁת'E.shet
H802
a woman · noun, common feminine singular construct
adulterer
הַנֹּאֵ֖ףha.no.'Ef
H5003
to commit adultery · definite article + verb, qal active participle, masculine singular absolute
adulteress
וְהַנֹּאָֽפֶתve.ha.no.'A.fet
H5003
to commit adultery · conjunction + definite article + verb, qal active participle, feminine singular absolute
surely
מֽוֹתmot-
H4191
to die (literally or figuratively) · verb, qal infinitive absolute
death
יוּמַ֥תyu.Mat
H4191
to die (literally or figuratively) · verb, hophal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular
Strong's Exhaustive Concordance (James Strong, 1890/1894), public domain; digitized by Open Scriptures (CC BY-SA). KJV word tagging: eBible.org (public domain). Original-language text, parsing and brief lexicon: STEPBible.org data from Tyndale House, Cambridge (CC BY 4.0).
Cross-references
John 8:4-5 They say unto him, Master, this woman was taken in adultery, in the very act.
Deuteronomy 22:22-24 If a man be found lying with a woman married to an husband, then they shall both of them die, both the man that lay with the woman, and the…
Leviticus 18:20 Moreover thou shalt not lie carnally with thy neighbour’s wife, to defile thyself with her.
2 Samuel 12:13 And David said unto Nathan, I have sinned against the LORD. And Nathan said unto David, The LORD also hath put away thy sin; thou shalt not…
Ezekiel 23:45-47 And the righteous men, they shall judge them after the manner of adulteresses, and after the manner of women that shed blood; because they a…
Cross-references from OpenBible.info (CC BY), in the lineage of the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (public domain).
Commentary
Matthew Henry on Leviticus 20:10-21
Sins against the seventh commandment are here ordered to be severely punished. These are sins which, of all others, fools are most apt to make a mock at; but God would teach those the heinousness of the guilt by the extremity of the punishment that would not otherwise be taught it.
I. Lying with another man's wife was made a capital crime. The adulterer and the adulteress that had joined in the sin must fall alike under the sentence: they shall both be put to death, Lev 20:10. Long before this, even in Job's time, this was reputed a heinous crime and an iniquity to be punished by the judges, Job 31:11. It is a presumptuous contempt of an ordinance of God, and a violation of his covenant, Pro…
Sanctify yourselves therefore, and be ye holy--The minute specification of the incestuous and unnatural crimes here enumerated shows their sad prevalence amongst the idolatrous nations around, and the extreme proneness of the Israelites to follow the customs of their neighbors. It is to be understood, that, whenever mention is made that the offender was "to be put to death" without describing the mode, stoning is meant. The only instance of another form of capital punishment occurs in Lev 20:14, that of being burnt with fire; and yet it is probable that even here death was first inflicted by stoning, and the body of the criminal afterwards consumed by fire (Jos 7:15).
Adam Clarke on Leviticus 20:10
Committeth adultery - To what has been said in the note on See Exo 20:14 (note), we may add, that the word adultery comes from the Latin adulterium, which is compounded of ad, to or with, and alter, another, or, according to Minshieu, of ad alterius forum, he that approaches to another man's bed.
John Gill on Leviticus 20:10
And the man that committeth adultery with another man's wife,.... Which is a breach of the seventh command, Exodus 20:14,
even he that committeth adultery with his neighbour's wife: which is only an explanation of the former clause; though the Jewish writers, as Jarchi and Ben Gersom, say this is so expressed to except the wife of a stranger, or a Gentile; but it means whether a Gentile or an Israelite; and which may be confirmed by the instance of Phinehas slaying a prince of Israel, that lay with a Midianitish woman, Numbers 25:6,
the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death; on account of her that is espoused, by strangling, with a hard napkin within a soft one; and on…
The Church Fathers
Any man who commits adultery with the wife of another or who commits adultery with his neighbor's wife will die without remedy. The text says in plural: they will die without remedy, referring to the adulterer and the adulteress. And he wanted to point out here some difference between any man and his neighbor, although the Scripture often puts forth almost any man. But what does this expression mean, which speaks first of any man and then repeats the same thing about the neighbor, being natural that, if one has to abstain from the wife of any man, one should abstain much more from the wife of the neighbor ? If you had spoken first of your neighbor, you would have to add something about any man, so that he would not believe that he could commit adultery with the wife of one who was not a neighbor. Now, if the lesser evil is not lawful, how can the greater evil be lawful? Because if it is not lawful to commit adultery with the wife of any man, how much less will it be to commit it with the wife of your neighbor! Does this repetition perhaps try to explain what was said first, so that the evil is understood so great that it is committing adultery with the wife of any man, because, if one did, he would commit adultery with the woman of the neighbor? In reality, every man is a neighbor of another man.
A woman accused of adultery was brought by the Scribes and Pharisees to the Lord Jesus with the malicious intent, that, if He was to acquit her, He might seem to annul the Law, if He condemned her, that He might seem to have changed the purpose of His coming, since He came to remit the sins of all men. To the same purport He said above, "I judge no man." So when they brought her they said, "This woman was taken in adultery, in the very act; now Moses in the Law commanded us that such should be stoned, but what sayest Thou?" While they were saying this, Jesus stooped down and wrote with His finger on the ground. And as they waited for His answer, He lifted up His head and said, "He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her." What can be more Divine than this sentence, that he should punish sins who is himself free from sin? For how can we endure one who takes vengeance on guilt in another and excuses it in himself? When a man condemns in another what he commits himself, does he not rather pronounce his own condemnation? Thus He spake, and wrote upon the ground. What then did He write? This, "Thou beholdest the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye." For lust is like a mote, it is quickly kindled, quickly consumed; the sacrilegious perfidy which led the Jews to deny the Author of their salvation declared the magnitude of their crime. He wrote upon the ground with the finger with which He had written the Law. Sinners' names are written in the earth, those of the just in heaven, as He said to His disciples, "Rejoice, because your names are written in heaven." And He wrote a second time, that you may know that the Jews were condemned by both Testaments. When they heard these words they went out one after another, beginning at the eldest, and sat down thinking upon themselves. "And Jesus was left alone, and the woman standing in the midst." It is well said that they went out who chose not to be with Christ. Without is the letter, within are the mysteries. For in the Divine lessons they sought, as it were, after the leaves of trees, and not after the fruit; they lived in the shadow of the Law, and could not discern the Sun of Righteousness. Finally, when they departed Jesus was left alone, and the woman standing in the midst. Jesus about to remit sin remains alone, as He says Himself,…
Dictionary and topics
Crucifixion — A common mode of punishment among heathen nations in early times. It is not certain whether it was known among the ancient Jews; probably it was not. The modes of capital punishment according to the…
Punishments — The earliest theory of punishment current among mankind is doubtless the one of simple retaliation, “blood for blood.” Viewed historically, the first case of punishment for crime mentioned in…
Punishment · .For adultery — .For adultery
Dictionary: Easton's (1897) and Smith's (1863), public domain. Topics: Nave's Topical Bible (1896) and Torrey's Topical Textbook (1897), public domain. Both as parsed by NEUU (CC BY 4.0).
Leviticus 20:10
10. And the man that committeth adultery with another man's wife, even he that committeth adultery with his neighbor's wife, the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death.
10. Vir qui adulterium commiserit cum uxore alterius, qui adulterium commiserit cum uxore proximi sui moriendo morientur adulter et adultera.
Keil & Delitzsch on Leviticus 20:9-18
Whoever cursed father or mother was to be punished with death (Lev 19:3); "His blood would be upon him." The cursing of parents was a capital crime (see at Lev 17:4, and for the plural דּמיו Exo 22:1 and Gen 4:10), which was to return upon the doer of it, according to Gen 9:6. The same punishment was to be inflicted upon adultery (Lev 20:10, cf. Lev 18:20), carnal intercourse with a father's wife (Lev 20:11, cf. Lev 18:7-8) or with a daughter-in-law (Lev 20:12, cf. Lev 18:17), sodomy (Lev 20:13, cf. Lev 18:22), sexual intercourse with a mother and her daughter, in which case the punishment was to be heightened by the burning of the criminals when put to death (Lev 20:14, cf. Lev 18:17), lyin…
ואיש AND THE MAN [THAT COMMITTETH ADULERY SHALL SURELY BE PUT TO DEATH] — a man, thus excluding a minor (Sifra, Kedoshim, Chapter 10 8).
אשר ינאף את אשת איש WHO COMMITTETH ADULTERY WITH ANOTHER MAN'S WIFE — a man's wife, thus excluding the wife of a minor from the death penalty. This teaches us that a minor cannot enter into a marriage contract. And in reference to what married woman do I make you liable to the death penalty?
אשר ינאף את אשת רעהו IF HE COMMITTETH ADULTERY WITH THE WIFE OF HIS FELLOW-MAN — his fellow-man, thus excluding the wife of a heathen; this teaches us that a heathen cannot enter into a marriage contract according to Jewish law (Sifra, Kedoshim, Chapter 10 8; Sanhedri…